Arthur's Battle List-Part 1

So many aspects concerning King Arthur's life continue to be debated over and over within the community of Arthurian historians. Among those points is a list of twelve battles that Arthur was alleged to have fought and won in his quest to consolidate power. The list comes from the document called Historia Brittonum, attributed to a monk called Nennius. Historians conjecture and argue constantly over where these battles took place, if they happened at all. There is no consensus.

While researching A Land Beyond Ravens (the 4th and final part of the Macsen's Treasure series) the first of the battles come into play, so I've found it necessary to decide if I agree with any of the theories historians have put out there.

The first battle Nennius names is "at the mouth of the river Glein." I've seen this spelled a number of ways in various translations: Glein, Glen, or Gleni. Most historians look for any rivers in Britain that still have the name Glen. Of course names have changed dramatically over the last 1500 years) Two with that name appear on current maps, one in Lincolnshire and the other in Northumberland. According to Christopher Gidlow, in his book The Reign of Arthur, both are in plausible locations for war against the Saxons. However, he also points out that, at the time the battle may have taken place, the frontier between British territory and the encroachment of Saxon territory may actually have been closer to the eastern side of the kingdom that was called Powys. Pinning down historical boundaries in those days is fuzzy at best, but the area can roughly be thought of as where Wales now meets the English counties of Shropshire and Cheshire. There is a county of Powys in Wales now, however its modern boundaries are quite shifted from those of the fifth century.

In going beyond looking simply for river names, I snooped for relevant place names in general, and the point arose that in the Welsh language (its pre-runner being spoken at that time) the word for the mouth of a river could also mean the confluence of rivers. Another point I considered was that in those days there was little, if any, written language outside of Latin, so when names where written down later, they were spelled phonetically. So what also sounds like Glein, glen or gleni? A brief trip to the Welsh dictionary and up pops: glyn—the word for glen, as in river valley...Ah-hah! Back to the maps!

In examining them, I found two village names. One is Glyndyfrdwy that lies along the well known River Dee, or Afon Dyfrdwy, famous for the homeland of the Welsh hero Owein Glyn Dŵr. The other village is called Glyn Ceiriog that lies along the Afon Ceiriog. Both rivers flow down from the Berwyn Mountains of Wales, through river valleys that run roughly parallel to each other. They come together in a confluence near Chirk, about halfway between Wrexham and Oswestry. This area lies within what was probably the eastern side of the fifth century kingdom of Powys.

Of course this theory is as much conjecture as anyone else’s, but in my mind this is a possible and very plausible site for Arthur's first battle: at the confluence of the river glens. Within the context of the novel, this is where Arthur takes his first command and begins to earn his title, Battle Lord of Britain.

More later on additional battle sites.

Homesick for Wales

Yesterday I had the pleasure to chat a bit with a gentleman who originally came from Wales, near Aberystwyth. We talked about the different Merlin traditions, how there is a south Welsh tradition as well as a northern one that emerged out of the border area of lowland Scotland. This tradition perceives of Merlin as a madman lost in the wilderness. I’ve drawn on that tradition for how I portrayed him in “The Anvil Stone.” I didn’t quite make him into a “madman”—he is anything but that. Rather he intentionally wears a mantle of black feathers (think of Alan Lee’s drawing of Merlin) to make himself appear as a “wise man of the woods” while he secretly mentors the young Arthur. It was such a pleasure to speak with someone with knowledge of the Merlin traditions.

Then the talk turned to locations in Wales, among them Dinas Emrys. It’s been a long time since I’ve had the opportunity to go back to this lovely country. Dinas Emrys sits along the Afon Glaslyn, a stream that runs down from the mountains around Snowdon. The last time I was there, I had a picnic on the banks of the stream. This is one of the most peaceful places I have ever been and gave me a strong sense of feeling at home there more than anywhere else. The homeland of my characters is not far away, just up in the pass to the northeast. The Welsh have a word, hiraeth, which doesn’t translate into English, but my understanding of it is that it encompasses a melancholy longing for one’s homeland, for an unfulfilled dream of the way things should have been, a need to return to the ancient culture and people of one’s heritage. Whatever it truly means, since our talk, I’ve been struck with what feels like homesickness. The hiraeth has been sleeping inside me for a long time while I’ve been caught up in everything else going on in my life. The conversation woke it up yesterday. The man I spoke with also wishes to live once more near his birthplace. I sense he is drawn back in the same way.

If I ever find the chance, I will go back for an extended stay. For now, my photographs, my memories, and my writing about the place will have to do. Sigh.

Interview on Reader Views

Reader Views has posted a very nice interview I had with them on their website about my work, my new book and the Macsen's Treasure series. Please check it out: http://www.readerviews.com/InterviewGuler.html

A few words about the Macsen's Treasure Series and The Anvil Stone

One of the questions I am asked most often is, “How did you get into writing about Arthurian Britain?” Usually I mumble something about how it comes out of my Welsh and Scottish heritage and that’s probably true. People of Celtic descent seem to always have an eerie connection to the past as well as a need to express it through writing, music, dance, art, or some other form of creativity.

Or maybe it’s just one of those fascinating benchmark eras where one sector of society clashed so painfully against the encroachment of other sectors that the quest for freedom became paramount. It is also a time so hidden from history that any writer seeking to portray it is faced with a monumental challenge to intuit the era’s mindset. That it involved the people from whom I descend makes it personal.

The goal of a historical fiction writer is to meld fact and imaginative storytelling into a seamless tale, at once fresh and exciting as well as timeless and realistic. My intention in writing this series was not to merely retell a portion of the Arthurian legend. That has been done many times. Rather, I wished to bring alive a period of history through the eyes of Celtic people who could have lived then and blend the events that led to Arthur’s rise to power as an influence upon their lives. Though based on a broad array of fact drawn from archaeology and other resources, the series is also based on legend and should be regarded solely as fiction. Each book can be read alone; the prominent characters, chronology, themes, and background tie them together.

In working with eras such as the fifth century Britain to which King Arthur likely belonged, historical accuracy can be notoriously difficult, given that very little documentation survives. The Macsen’s Treasure series is loosely based on the combined history and legend of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s The History of the Kings of Britain (Historia Regum Britanniae). Geoffrey was a cleric who attempted to write a history encompassing nineteen hundred years of British kings, from the first, Brutus, to the last before the Saxon conquest. However, while some of Geoffrey’s figures and events probably were historical, his work includes many blatant inaccuracies as well as outright patriotic and ecclesiastical posturing. His narrative ultimately served to popularize the legend more than provide an accurate account.

Historically, we simply don’t know how much of the legend is true. What we do know is that as the Roman empire began to falter in the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the legions gradually evacuated from Britain, the last of them leaving around AD 410. This left Britain open to invasions, first from Picts from north of Hadrian’s Wall, Irish from the west, then Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, among others) from the continent.

Much debate has gone on about whether the Germanic people were invaders or settlers. They were probably a combination. Either way, their settlements continued to encroach, which caused a great deal of tension. Then around AD 500, it appears that they were pushed back, and a period of peace and prosperity ensued. This stability is attributed to an improvement in British leadership that may have been the legendary King Arthur. In the mid-sixth century, however, British strength fell apart and the Anglo-Saxons methodically conquered the land that is now called England.

The Macsen's Treasure series is the saga of spy Marcus ap Iorwerth and his beloved wife Claerwen These principal characters are fictional. The named kings and other nobility (e.g., Uther, Ambrosius, Vortigern, Ceredig, Budic) are possibly historical. The Saxon leaders, Hengist, Octa and Eosa, may also be historical. Myrddin is of course the legendary Merlin the Magician. In the legend he is probably fictional, though it is believed he may be a composite figure of several historical bards. For the purpose of the series, I have fictionalized him as the last “high druid.”

Welsh names for places and people in Britain have been used in the book as much as possible in the attempt to evoke the sense of language for the era, although the tongue actually was a precursor of Old Welsh. Of course the Roman influence is there as well. For example, Marcus ap Iorwerth’s name is as paradoxical as he is himself; while his given name is Roman, the structure of his full name is purely Welsh. The word “ap” means “son of,” hence, Marcus, son of Iorwerth. In contrast, Winchester is an Anglicized place-name, and was probably not used until after the Saxon conquest that led to the creation of England after Arthur’s demise in the sixth century. It is used in this form because of its familiarity to the reader.

To give a sense of Celtic beliefs before Christianity’s conversion was completed in Britain, I have chosen to instill a bit of spirituality through a Celtic visionary mysticism called “fire in the head,” as well as Druidry. To some, the visions may represent an element of fantasy; however, I believe it belongs within the historical belief system that was still in practice among more remotely located native Celtic people of the time.

The dates used in the chapter headings are meant to simply be guideposts for the passage of time and are pure conjecture on my part. According to historian Geoffrey Ashe, “it would usually be pretentious to give even a ‘circa’ date.” Dates found in source materials, when they are found at all, vary astonishingly from one source to the next.

In the third book, THE ANVIL STONE, Claerwen’s vague vision of a battle in the mountains of Gwynedd is a reflection of a Welsh tradition that Arthur’s final battle at Camlann occurred near a place called Cwm y Llan. Another tradition says Arthurian treasure is concealed in Marchlyn Mawr, a mountain lake that is now a reservoir. For those who recognize the story of Arthur’s knight Bedwyr throwing Excalibur into a body of water, these two traditions put together give the notion that Excalibur might lie at the bottom of one of Gwynedd’s mountain tarns.

Marcus’s swords are likely quite a bit larger than what was normal for his time. However, as a clever, inventive man and a blacksmith to boot, he very well could have created his own swords that were more suited to his needs and nature.

And lastly, within the context of the series, Macsen’s Treasure is a five-piece set of ceremonial symbols sacred to the high kings of Britain. Consisting of a crown, torque, spearhead, sword and grail, it is purely fictional and does not exist in the Arthurian legend or in history. However, trappings of kingship such as special crowns, scepters, and swords have been held dear by monarchies throughout the centuries. Couldn’t it be possible that this notion speaks to the question of where the famed sword Excalibur and the Holy Grail came from?

Sometimes it’s those little questions of “what if?” that prompt a story to be told. For some, to find the answer can become an obsession. In my case, that may be true, and perhaps it is also that the spirits of my ancestors have chosen me to tell their tale as much as I have chosen to write about them.